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A testosterone deficiency (TD), also known as male hypogonadism, refers to the lack of testosterone, a male hormone responsible for sexual ability, male characteristics and normal brain function. Testosterone is essential for the development of male sex and reproductive organs such as penis, testicles, scrotum, prostate and seminal vesicles. Low level of this hormone causes a myriad of syndromes and problems in men?s lives. The production of testosterone declines naturally with age. The condition is often observed in middle-aged men. Testosterone deficiency may also result from disease or damage to hypothalamus, pituitary gland or testicles. Depending on age, insufficient testosterone production can lead to diminished libido, underdeveloped genitalia, erectile dysfunction, muscle weakness and osteoporosis, loss of body hair, and depression and other mood disorders. Testosterone deficiency can be congenital or it may build up later. Depending on the body organ where the problem first occurs, TD is classified into three different types, namely, primary testosterone deficiency (testicles), secondary testosterone deficiency (pituitary gland) and tertiary testosterone deficiency (hypothalamus). While primary testosterone deficiency results in low testosterone and normal or high gonadotropin, secondary and tertiary types account for low testosterone and low gonadotropin levels. The common congenital causes of TD are Klinefelter's syndrome (presence of an extra X chromosome), cryptorchidism and congenital hormonal disorders. Acquired causes of TD include infections (e.g., meningitis, mumps, or syphilis), radiation treatments, glandular malformation, testicular trauma, chemotherapy, isolated LH deficiency (e.g., fertile eunuch syndrome), and tumors on the testicles, pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Common diagnoses for testosterone deficiency include serum and blood testing, which is undertaken to determine the availability of testosterone and levels of leutenizing and gonadotropin-releasing hormones in the body. Other tests include injecting GnRH or clomiphene citrate (an estrogen), and rarely, testicular biopsy that detects malfunctions in sperm production. Testosterone deficiency treatments involve hormone replacement therapies including testosterone injections, gel, patches and capsules. The selection of treatments is determined by age and extent of deficiency. There are also some risks associated with testosterone replacement. They include acne, mild fluid retention, breast enlargement, increased chance for sleep apnea and stimulation of prostate tissue. penile enlargement picture pnis enlargement tip vigrx penis pill truth about penis enlargement pills compare penis enlargment pills do penis enhancement pills work free penis enlagement technique free penis enlagement

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It can be surprising to realize that an organ as high-powered and sophisticated as the brain also has a plumbing system. And, as the case with a house's plumbing, the drainage side of the system can get gummed up. But the symptoms are different. When a home's drainage backs up, well...I won't go there. When the brain's drainage system backs up, the brain's owner can become confused, incontinent of urine and unsteady on his or her feet. The plumbing system in question is that which produces and drains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Normal CSF looks the same as water from a faucet, but is created from the bloodstream in the choroid plexus tissue within three of the brain's four inner chambers -- the right and left "lateral" ventricles and the midline "fourth" ventricle, but not the interposed, midline "third" ventricle. The CSF percolates through passageways from one ventricle to another, finally emerging through openings at the base of the brain to bathe the outer surfaces of the brain and spinal cord before getting reabsorbed into the bloodstream again. This re-absorption occurs in special collection-nodes in the membranes surrounding the brain. The entire CSF volume of about 150 milliliters or five ounces (about as much as a glass of wine) is produced and reabsorbed four times a day, so the fluid is constantly turning over. But blockages along the way can interfere with the normal flow of the CSF. For example, when the passageway between the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrowed or choked with sludge, the CSF backs into the lateral and third ventricles. Those ventricles react to the increased pressure by becoming physically dilated or enlarged. In this case, a CT or MRI scan could reveal the location of the blockage by showing expansion of the two lateral and the single third ventricles, but a normal-sized fourth ventricle. Another example of a blockage and its consequences is when the collection-nodes responsible for CSF re-absorption in the brain's overlying membranes (meninges) become clogged. In this case, all four ventricles are upstream from the blockage, and all four of them expand. This, too, is visible on brain scans. Both cases are examples of hydrocephalus, or water on the brain. The first case is one of "internal" or high-pressure hydrocephalus. The second is called "external" or normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). In NPH the pressure is inexplicably normal much of the time, but the term is somewhat misleading because prolonged recordings with pressure-monitors do show intermittent periods of increased pressure. Hydrocephalus of one kind or another is especially prevalent at the two extremes of the life cycle -- in the very young and the very old -- but can occur at any age. In infancy, hydrocephalus can be caused by malformed brain-tissue. In contrast, adults with hydrocephalus were usually born with normal brain anatomy, but acquired a blockage due to a tumor, injury, bleed or infection. However, many cases of hydrocephalus in adults occur without a history of these preceding illnesses. CT and MRI scans are sensitive tools in detecting hydrocephalus, particularly when it's striking enough not be confused with ventricular enlargement due to gradual loss of surrounding brain tissue from aging. The main treatment of hydrocephalus is for a surgeon to insert a tube (shunt) into one of the swollen lateral ventricles and provide an alternative pathway for the backed-up CSF to drain. Once the shunt equipment is in place, a piece of hardware about the size of a large button sits outside the hole made in the skull (but inside the skin of the scalp) and redirects the excess CSF through another tube into either a jugular vein in the neck or into the abdominal cavity (peritoneum). Thus, the patient can receive either a "VJ" shunt or a "VP" shunt, with the letters designating the locations of the two ends of the shunt. The success or failure of shunting depends not just on the skill of the surgeon, but also on the selection of appropriate patients. Sometimes hydrocephalus turns up unexpectedly on scans when doctors are looking for something else entirely. Although an unexpected finding like this should always cause the doctors to re-think the case, the point is that hydrocephalus doesn't always cause problems. Sometimes the hydrocephalus has been there for years and the brain has adjusted to it in a way that produces no symptoms. This is an example of a case that should not be shunted, though it would still be appropriate to monitor the patient and his or her scans over subsequent months and years. Who, then, should receive a shunt? The answer, in short, is people for whom the benefits of the operation exceed its risks. Identifying them, however, is the tough part. And the task is made even more difficult by the lack of randomized, controlled trials in which a group of patients receiving treatment is compared to an equivalent group of patients not receiving treatment. Although similar reasoning applies to adults thought to have internal (high-pressure) hydrocephalus, I'll lay out the decision-tree as it applies to external (normal-pressure) hydrocephalus. Published observations imply that shunts are most likely to help NPH patients who have the following features:substantial enlargement of all four ventricles a full "triad" of symptoms, including confusion, urinary incontinence and altered walking poor walking as the first of the three symptoms temporary improvement of symptoms after drainage of 50-60 milliliters (2 ounces) of CSF by lumbar puncture (spinal tap) The elderly patients most at risk for NPH are also at increased risk for other diseases, and the shunting operation doesn't help symptoms produced by other causes. For example, confusion can be caused by Alzheimer's disease and strokes. Urinary incontinence can be due to prostate disease in men and sagging pelvic tissue in women. Walking can be disrupted by arthritis, fractured bones, low vision, inner-ear disease, Parkinson's disease and many other unrelated processes. So it's important for the doctor to determine if other diseases might be to blame for the very symptoms that seem, at first glance, to be from NPH. Assuming that NPH still seems likely, the next round of decision-making concerns the possibility that an operation will cause harm. Even a patient whose brain scan and symptoms are classic for NPH can develop serious complications from the operation. A particularly feared complication is bleeding into the space outside the brain, called a subdural hematoma. Older patients are also more likely to have other medical conditions that could compromise the safety of an operation, like coronary artery disease or emphysema. Cases in which expected benefits of the operation are much greater than risks, or in which the risks are much greater than the expected benefits, are easy to make decisions about. But many other cases are in the gray zone in which potential benefits and risks are more evenly matched and the chances of doing harm with an operation come close to canceling out the chances of doing good. (C) 2006 by Gary Cordingley discount vig rx prosolution penis enlargement pills pnis enlargement pills review manual penis enlargment penile enlargment surgery picture penis enlarement surgeon penile enlargement doctor penis enlargement without pill penis enlagement surgeon

Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and are spread by vaginal and oral sex with an infected person. Genital warts are caused by a virus called Human Papillomavirus(HPV) also known as condylomata acuminata. One survey reveals that genital warts affect about 5.5 million Americans each year. It is important to say right up front that a person can have genital warts without showing any symptoms. This means that a person can be contagious without even knowing it. You would not want to spread a virus like this to a loved one, so be sure you know the first signs, and get yourself checked out every so often with a doctor. Symptoms: Warts look like small bumps with a cauliflower-like appearance. They may be as small as two mm in diameter or may be multiply into a large cluster. In women, the warts may grow in the wall of vagina, between external genitals and the anus. In men, warts can be found on the tip or shaft of the penis. Treatment: Genital warts can be prevented by avoiding sex with an infected person. Using condoms can protect you but not all the time because warts can grow in the unprotected area also. Different therapies are available for genital warts such as freezing with liquid nitrogen or using laser treatment but these are not permanent solutions. HPV remains dormant in the body and genital warts can reappear at anytime. Those infected by genital warts should see their doctor to discuss treatment, side effects and cost. penis enlargment excercises truth about penile enlargment cheap pnis enlargement vimax penis pills in uk cheap penis enargement vimax free penis enlargement penis enargement exercise best pennis enlargement surgery penis enlagement surgeon

Although of us hear about the different body shapes most commonly described in terms of either “apple” or “pear, many don’t understand the implications and, often times, the inherent dangers of possessing a certain shape. Am I An Apple? Let’s start with the “apple” shape, or, as it is sometimes referred to, the android shape. These terms connote a more abdominally concentrated depositing of fat. Between the two fruit types, this is the more dangerous of the two. Several conditions have been linked to these high levels of abdominal obesity, such as: stroke, hypertension, type II diabetes, coronary artery disease, hyperuricemia, and in the case of women, polycystic ovary syndrome. How Can I Decrease My Weight-Related Risks? The best way to keep your abdominal obesity at safe levels would be to use the Waist-to-Hip Ratio. All you need is a tape measure to measure your waist at its narrowest point and your hips at it widest while standing. For example, if one were to have a 32” waist and 40” hips then your Waist-to-Hip Ratio would be 4/5 or 0.8. Generally speaking, any number higher than 0.8 for women translates as greater health risks; while for men, anything over 0.95 is when things start to become risky. So, keep a tape measure handy. Am I A Pear? The other body shape is commonly called a “pear” shape, or one may hear the term “gynoid”. This essentially refers to a larger depositing of fat in the lower body, which is typically more common with women. However, men have steadily developed this fat distribution pattern in the past 30 years due to their unnatural exposure to estrogen-like compounds found in plastics, pesticides, and hormone-injected foods. This pattern increases the likelihood of prostate enlargement and cancer. While typically lacking the more life-threatening dangers found with abdominal obesity, the pear shaped are still likely to develop mechanical problems due to the excess mass on the lower half of the frame. So, don’t let the insidiously rosy picture of the “pear” shape fool you, it is still ideal for one to minimize fat regardless of its location. Why Does Fat Form On Certain Areas Of My Body? At this point, you may be asking why does fat “fall where it falls.” The reason why is largely dependent on genes and hormones, unfortunately. Some scientists even say that genes are no less than 20% responsible for one’s fat distribution while some have even conjectured that as much as 50% of our fat distribution is determined by our genes. They are still uncertain as to exactly how much of a role one’s genetic makeup plays in determining fat distribution, but it does play a considerable role, no doubt. One thing that is for certain is that the more “feminine” hormones, like estrogen and prolactin, often direct fat to the lower extremities, while a body with abnormally high corticosteroid production leads to abdominal obesity. As is the case with all types of obesity, an appropriate diet and exercise prescription will help you tremendously. So, grab a tape measure and figure out if you are at risk and make the necessary life adjustments. Your body will thank you later. I promise! penis enhancement technique com enlarement penis penis pump vimax penis enlargement testimonials penile enlargement stretcher magnarx surgical penis enlagement vimax penis enlargement device home penis elargement penis enlagement surgeon

Penis enlargement tips are the main focus of this article to help men who want to enlarge their penis. It is important to realize that the enlargement process is a marathon and not a sprint, so patience is an essential personality trait! The aim of this article is to provide you with tips that can help make the journey a little less difficult and more bearable. First of all, trim your pubic hair! Messed up hair is going to conceal the penis within it. Most men’s pubic hair can be about an inch in depth. If you realistically look at this, that extra inch is removing a viewable inch of your own penis, so trim it. Especially take note to trim or even remove maybe about an inch of hair just above the base of the penis. This will make your penis appear larger than it actually is. It is highly likely, that if you are a smoker, you will have been told to stop on numerous occasions. Maybe if you were told that smoking will actually decrease your penis size you might do something about it… Smoking induces high blood pressure by narrowing the veins in our body. This causes the blood to move a lot faster, but also reduce the amount of blood we can have in one place. As the penis size depends mainly on how much blood we can get in there (and also for the purpose of penis exercises), then heavy smoking is going to really limit your chance of gaining any considerable growth. Still on the point of blood pressure, stress can also affect it as well by minimizing the amount that can flow through your penis. If you can, before you do any form of exercise, try to calm yourself by meditating or doing some yoga. If that’s not exactly up your street, then try to get a massage, or do something to take your mind of any stressful situations you might be in. It can make a huge difference so try it. Loosing weight can also help. While loosing weight will not be proportional to how much you gain in penis size, fat can cover part of your penis. So it makes sense that in reducing your levels of fat, it is going to retract and show off more of your penis. You are going to be putting yourself at a disadvantage with a lot of fat around your waste than if you shed off what you can. Going back to the whole marathon analogy, most men will become impatient with their overall progress, so it is important to set realistic goals. Instead of saying you’re going to gain about an inch in your first month, first of all try going for something much smaller, and then change it to millimeters instead. This will provide you with a much more realistic goal, and something you can definitely work towards! The most important tip of all is to stay with it. Don’t give up after two weeks because you’ve seen no results. You may see no results for the first month, but if you keep working at it, you will hopefully start to see some significant improvements. If you really want to speed up the process, try taking supplements that will help increase the blood flow to your penis. While penis enlargement pills don’t add inches on, they can help you to add the inches on yourself. Hopefully these penis enlargement tips will help you though to gain a bigger penis.