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Clomid as an infertility drug is considered to be the cornerstone of all other medications that have followed the trend. While many years have passed since Clomid was first introduced into the market, it is still the same drug as it was before that most infertile couples come in contact with initially before everything assumed their places in the industry.
Clomid, an infertility drug that appears in other names like CC, Clomiphene citrate, Serophene or simply Clomid is considerably inexpensive as compared with the brands that have invaded the market recently. Its main uses are focused on ovulation problems by means of oral consumption rather than via injection.
While it was produced several years earlier than its predecessor, the workings of the drug still facilitate in a very complicated fashion but with desirable potency. It does not have effects on women whose ovaries have already reached the termination of their use. Nonetheless, Clomid is still a very potent drug when it comes to inducing satisfactory effects on all estrogen receptors. Thus, it has the capacity of creating reactions on all body tissues, which contain estrogen receptors.
Tissues lying in organs like cervix, endometrium, pituitary, vagina and hypothalamus are some for which its known effects are working.
Clomid is also useful in assessing the possibility of using the potential ovary reserve in a female. And it is also utilized for patients with defects on their luteal phase.
Clomid, aside from its efficiency in working with estrogen, also has the property of influencing the functions of other four major and vital hormones in infertility namely GnRH, LH, FSH and estradiol.
Although we still have no complete understanding of the exact manners by which Clomid conducts its processes, it still seem pretty obvious that its major effects in the brain is to fool it into believing that the estrogen level of the system is low. Thus bringing a domino effect of releasing more hormones to compensate for the lack of hormones for which infertility is said to have rooted.
The effect of this normal reaction is to make the system a feasible environment for ovulation.
The known side effects though of using Clomid in aid of fertility are the following:
Multiple pregnancy Ovarian enlargement Pelvic and abdominal discomfort Bloating or distention Breast discomfort Nausea and vomiting Abnormal uterine bleeding Visual symptoms like appearances of waves, floaters, lights and etc.
While there may be side effects like these, Clomid is still clear of having any association with increase of congenital abnormalities, complications in pregnancy, birth defects appearing in children and premature labor.
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Textured technologies have their presence in everyday products, from steel body panels and bearings to book covers and quilted toilet paper. The desired surface texture can be achieved by a number of processes but each has disadvantages, limiting extensive introduction.
Enduring crimps, coils, loops or other fine distortions along the lengths of the filaments are presented by a textured yarn, a constant filament yarn that has been treated. Heat setting in a twisted condition can texture the yarns manufactured from thermoplastic materials, while nonthermoplastic yarns can be textured by "air jet texturing" or "air texturing", wherein a forceful air flow is used to shape knotted loops in the filaments. The outcome will be a yarn with greater bulk, higher stretch and more beautiful properties.
With the use of compressed air, air textured yarns are manufactured from thermoplastic, cellulosic or non-organic filament yarns. Air textured yarns are supplied a huge quality with loops created on the surface of the filament yarn. The loop arrangement, which relies on the material used, ends in a yarn with features like those of typical staple-fibre yarn. The manufactured yarns are used for sewing thread applications, apparel fabrics, fancy yarn articles, automotive interior fittings, and home furnishing fabrics, carpets, fire blankets and a variety of other applications.
Let us now discuss major techniques used in texturing.
. False-twist texturing
. Texturing by a cold air-jet
. Texturing by a hot air-jet and a stuffer box
. Other marginal techniques.
Most textured yarns are false twist textured. Following write-up will tell about false twisting and the reason why it has been such an incredible success. First it will deal with the real twist texturing and then concludes with a note of speeds that can be reached using false twist texturing.
S and Z twist are different altogether
S and Z twist means real twist in the yarn and they are poles apart from each other; at the same time there is little difference between them. One yarn has been twisted into the opposite direction of the other yarn. Essentially, one yarn reflects what other possesses. Since S-twisted yarn will look in a fabric unlike a Z-twisted yarn, this difference is very important.
The "Real Twist" texturing principle
Thermo structure of real twisted yarn is allowed by the thermoplastic properties of synthetic yarn. Back-twisting of this yarn creates twistless yarn, in which the helix formation of the previously resulted in a twistless yarn was still visible. It is a remarkable development that the clear crimps of genuine wool or cotton in each individual filament give this yarn a look of natural fibres. Stufferbox crimps the filaments and then cuts them into staple length and spins them on a traditional machine into a spun yarn, a procedure enabling a filament yarn to look like a spun yarn. This process saves the time spent after spinning filaments endlessly.
The production steps are as follows:
Twisting on (two for one) twisters
Autoclave steam stetting
Back twisting
Cone winding
The False-Twist texturing
Just imagine that an elastic band is held between two clamps and then twist this band by turning it in the centre. You can notice real twist on left and right side. But each side is twisted into the opposite direction. One side is S, the other side is Z-twisted. Both sides have equal number of twists.
All the twist will vanish on releasing the twisting point. This was 'false twist created by you. False twist principle is being applied by all contemporary texturing machines.
Dynamics of false twisting
Imagine a drawing with the yarn twisted into two twisted directions and try to visualize the yarn to be endless. Replace the fixed clamps with feed rolls. When the yarn is moved from left to right with the peg in the twisted yarn bundle, the twist on the right side would be moved and then would fade away but the left side would continue to be twisted. All false twist-texturing machines are based on this effect. A peg generates a definite twist stop, and therefore friction disks are better options, which execute the same and have the benefit of rotating the yarn. When the procedure is begun, the twisted yarn on the right side is removed to rubbish but the twist on the left hand side continues. If the yarn breaks, the twisted yarn on the left hand side also goes to trash. If the twist were counted in both wasted ends, it would be accurately the same but in the opposite twist direction. Miles of superior quality textured yarn is manufactured between the two waste ends.
Reason behind the success of false twisting
Real twist texturing was very time-consuming and laborious. With the launch of false twisting, the process speeds of twist texturing accelerated from a few meters per minute to production speeds of more than 1000 m/min.
Bulked Continuous Filament
Unbroken threads of nylon are created into yarn. These threads are texturised to enhance their bulk and to modify from straight into twisted or bent fibre.
Twist
You can make the carpet pile more flexible by winding each carpet fibre around itself. The carpet resistance against crushing, matting and changing of texture is in proportion to the tightness of twist.
Heat Setting
To process the fibre with heat, it is locked in the twist after it is twisted. The procedure will create carpet fibres, which cannot be disentangled or squeezed under heavy foot fabric.
Tufting
After getting fed through needles, the heat-set fibre is stitched or tufted into the primary carpet backing. Amount of yarn used and closeness of the tufts to one another determine the density of carpet.
Dyeing
The tufted carpet is soaked in liquid dye then processed with a fixation solution and dried.
Here the needs on air interlacing depend on the technique of process. The 1-stage process, which is also called On-Line-Process and interlaces mono, duo, or tri-colour yarns, demands 30 to 40 hard knots per meter. These yarns are used directly in tufting. The 2-stage procedure, which is also called as Off-Line-Process, necessitates 15 to 25 soft knots for further processing in Heat Setting, Co-Mingling or Tufting.
Air-Texturing
This machine contains supply yarn creel, an appropriate winding head fixed with yarn transport together with an additional pair of feed rolls and an air jet interjected. Air texturing machines have two conventional categories: Machines with individual drives and Machines with headstock having motors, drives and shafts at each place. Since the machines are capable of treating large number of yarns and the each machine position can be fixed to manufacture a different yarn, machines with individual drives have become the standard in modern air jet technology. Aside from the few advances in winding technology used in air-texturing machinery and the technique of water application, the progress of air-texturing over the years has been relied on the growth of air-jet nozzle technology. Newer nozzles have led to the processing of a wider range of yarns at greater processing speeds, lower energy consumptions and lower noise levels.
Fibreguide Ltd., England, has increased and developed its scope of single and multi-position interlacing air jets. The range now consists of 11 different air-jet types, including Detorque, Detorque with interlace and oil dispersion jets. In addition, the company offers a wide range of Interlace jets for the production of all types of continuous filament yarns, ranging from micro-denier yarns up to BCF and industrial applications. Low-noise jet enclosures have also been introduced to enhance the interlacing performances of the multi-position FG2M and FG10M air-jet units, as well as the individual FG4 Jet.
Air texturing up to 1,000 m/min: the technology rise
Unlike false twist texturing with the speeds of up to 1200 m/mn, the speeds of air texturing until now at about 400 m/mn, in some cases up to 500 m/mn, lagged clearly behind. This made gainful air texturing of fine yarn counts unable to go beyond 100 dtex till now. With the new jet core Series-S.
Due to the well-researched geometry of the yarn channel, the speed of airflow through the jet could again be accelerated considerably. Texturing speeds could still be accelerated further because tests with developments in the circumstances close to the process and application of jet cores Series - S proved this. The primary manufacturing speed with Jet Cores S315 for core / effect operation with feeder yarns of dtex 22 - 250, is about 750 m/min, if a post heater is used to relax the unnecessary filament loops. Supplementary hot plates or heated godets before the jet, and a rise in the air pressure up to a maximum of 12 bar, facilitate further rise of the texturing speed up to 1,000 m/min. Yarns from S-cores display equally distributed loop formations and almost no propensity to flames. These yarns create a very smooth fabric look. From the very beginning, the S-Cores have been a hit and are in growing demand. In 1999 their share of Heberlein's total deliveries already reached 35%.
S-Jets make possible both higher production speeds and enlargement of range of applications for air-textured yarns.
Because of cost reasons, success already emerge in the fine yarn count segment wherein air textured yarns had no opportunity until now. Fashionable yarn mixtures are well recognized for ladies wear, sports wear and specialities for technical applications. Air-textured yarns with ease elasticity made from slightly stretchy feeder yarns are hot topics.
Conclusion
In the field of air interlacing, jets with better presentation can be anticipated. On one hand, they will fulfil the needs of accelerating process speeds, and on the other hand will take care of escalating process permanence. Opportunities are open for them to minimise a number of extra processing phases. Besides using compressed air, other means like steam will be applied because these will allow the beginning of necessary new consequences.
In terms of air jet texturing, it is advisable that faster air texturing machinery will be offered to make use of the high-speed air texturing jets. Other than new machines themselves, supplementary parts like heating and higher compressed air source will have to be used to enable texturing speeds of more than 1,000 m/min. The high suppleness of the air texturing procedure helps individual drive units. Great attempts are exerted to minimise the cost per position, which is more likely with shaft machines, at this time. In the near future the recently reached speed level must be, first of all, converted into practice and process stability must be increased on these machines. Thanks to the high flexibility of the air texturing process with an application range from approx. 22 to 18,000 dtex, and the possibility to process practically all kinds of filament yarns, not to mention the great number of yarn combinations that are possible, further market expansion can be expected.
The level of the market increase for air-textured yarns will depend considerably on the development of additional areas of end-uses. Very big, and almost not yet utilized opportunities are in applications with new feeder yarns. Examples of new, strongly progressing yarns are slightly elastic multi-filament yarns, as well as fine filament counts up to dtex 22, that only now have become interesting from a cost point of view, thanks to faster texturing jets. Pre-dominant applications of these yarns are in the areas of hosiery, ladies wear, sports and leisurewear, but also in textile automotive linings.
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At a 35th birthday party for rapper P. Diddy in November of 2004, actress Tara Reid exposed more than just a left mammary; she exposed the truth about breast implant complications and the horrifying effect that breast augmentation surgery can have on a woman’s body. While she posed on the red carpet for photographers, the top of Reid’s dress fell, exposing her left breast and what looked like a completely reconstructed nipple.
The actress, evidently mortified as photographers snapped pictures, fell prey to the all-too common complications associated with breast implant surgery. But, this wasn’t even the first time that Tara Reid’s breasts became water cooler fodder.
Shortly after filming American Pie, the world noticed as her breasts grew from a measly A-cup to D-size overnight. It became immediately apparent to all of America that the actress underwent major breast implant surgery at the very young age of 18.
At the time, no one realized the extent of the actress’ battle with her breast implants, probably due to some hard PR work on behalf of the actress. But, in 2004 as Reid and her augmented breast strolled down the red carpet on the way to Diddy’s 35th birthday bash, no amount of PR could hide the fact that the actress suffered from some horrific complications associated with her breast implants.
Every year in this country, thousands upon thousands of women undergo some type of breast enhancement surgery, but thousands also have their breast implants removed due to associated complications that most commonly include breast implant rupture or shifting, to more serious complications such as chronic infection of the breast, in some cases leading to breast cancer.
Luckily for the women who choose surgical methods of breast augmentation, no paparazzi follow them around, waiting patiently for a breast to slip and expose their secret breast implant complications. If America could feel the pain that everyday women experience for larger breasts on a regular basis, it would certainly result in a sharp decline in the number of breast implants performed by plastic surgeons each year, especially for women who decide to go under the knife at such a young age as actress Tara Reid.
Fortunately today’s woman can choose from a veritable buffet of breast enhancement options. No longer do women need to suffer the horrific complications associated with breast implants in order to achieve the larger breasts that they desire. In today’s market, there are other safer, all-natural breast enhancement alternatives for a woman looking to increase the size of her breasts.
These options boast safety for any woman, in an over-the-counter alternative, with none of the side effects or complications involved with breast implant surgery, and a fraction of the cost associated with breast enlargement surgery.
As for Tara Reid, reporters now argue that the actress actually has the ugliest breasts in the world. But, it’s pretty apparent that the complications that the actress suffered due to her breast implants are more common than women want to admit.
Fortunately, many women can look in the mirror happily and appreciate their natural breasts, and others who aren’t as happy with the way they look, choose safer, more natural breast enhancement methods of increasing their breast size.
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One of the most effective contraception methods used today is vasectomy where the vasa deferentia are severed and sealed. With this, semen will be devoid of sperms so that women don’t get pregnant on ejaculation. However, as vasectomy is an irreversible procedure, its pros and cons have to be considered before opting for it.
It is usually the man who has been married for a minimum of ten years that opts for vasectomies. It should be opted for if both the man and wife are content with the number of children they have, if the partner is unable to or cannot use any other birth control method or if the partner has a health problem where pregnancy is not advised.
However, it is better to forget about vasectomy if you have an unstable relationship, is not certain of having any more children, single, divorced or separated or is doing it just to please the partner. Sometimes men opt for vasectomy due to stress like an illness, financial problems or a death. However as this stress is temporary, it is better to have some counseling before making the final decision. Always think deeply about the consequences of vasectomy with your partner before deciding on it.
Some men worry that vasectomy may make him less of a man; this is not so as sterility has no effect on virility. There is no change on male characteristics, sex drive, the ability of getting an erection or the volume of an ejaculation with a vasectomy. It is not advised to take any aspirin, ibuprofen or ketoprofen two weeks after and before the operation as they thin the blood and cause bleeding. Acetaminophen is the preferred choice for pain relief.
Vasectomy is basically an out patient procedure where the patient is awake during the surgery. Local anesthetic is injected into the scrotum wherein a slight sting is experienced before the area gets numb. No pain is experienced during the surgery, except for slight tugging and pulling. After the surgery, the incisions are bandaged and jock strap used for holding bandages in place and applying of pressure. An ice pack can be placed on the scrotum for relief from swelling. With the wearing off of the anesthetic, pain and cramping may be experienced which can be relieved with acetaminophen.
The patient is advised rest after the operation. Stitches dissolve in about ten days’ time. It is not advised to bathe and swim for two days; no sports and heavy lifting for a week. However, if on a desk job, work can be resumed when the patient feels up to it. Remember, though it is possible to have sex about three days after vasectomy, it is still possible to father a child in this period as there may be sperms in ducts to the penis. It takes about 20 ejaculations to flush this sperms out.
There may be some complications with vasectomy like bleeding in the scrotum, infection, scrotal pain or inflammation. The doctor should be approached if any of these symptoms develop.
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It can be surprising to realize that an organ as high-powered and sophisticated as the brain also has a plumbing system. And, as the case with a house's plumbing, the drainage side of the system can get gummed up. But the symptoms are different. When a home's drainage backs up, well...I won't go there. When the brain's drainage system backs up, the brain's owner can become confused, incontinent of urine and unsteady on his or her feet.
The plumbing system in question is that which produces and drains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Normal CSF looks the same as water from a faucet, but is created from the bloodstream in the choroid plexus tissue within three of the brain's four inner chambers -- the right and left "lateral" ventricles and the midline "fourth" ventricle, but not the interposed, midline "third" ventricle. The CSF percolates through passageways from one ventricle to another, finally emerging through openings at the base of the brain to bathe the outer surfaces of the brain and spinal cord before getting reabsorbed into the bloodstream again. This re-absorption occurs in special collection-nodes in the membranes surrounding the brain. The entire CSF volume of about 150 milliliters or five ounces (about as much as a glass of wine) is produced and reabsorbed four times a day, so the fluid is constantly turning over.
But blockages along the way can interfere with the normal flow of the CSF. For example, when the passageway between the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrowed or choked with sludge, the CSF backs into the lateral and third ventricles. Those ventricles react to the increased pressure by becoming physically dilated or enlarged. In this case, a CT or MRI scan could reveal the location of the blockage by showing expansion of the two lateral and the single third ventricles, but a normal-sized fourth ventricle. Another example of a blockage and its consequences is when the collection-nodes responsible for CSF re-absorption in the brain's overlying membranes (meninges) become clogged. In this case, all four ventricles are upstream from the blockage, and all four of them expand. This, too, is visible on brain scans.
Both cases are examples of hydrocephalus, or water on the brain. The first case is one of "internal" or high-pressure hydrocephalus. The second is called "external" or normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). In NPH the pressure is inexplicably normal much of the time, but the term is somewhat misleading because prolonged recordings with pressure-monitors do show intermittent periods of increased pressure.
Hydrocephalus of one kind or another is especially prevalent at the two extremes of the life cycle -- in the very young and the very old -- but can occur at any age. In infancy, hydrocephalus can be caused by malformed brain-tissue. In contrast, adults with hydrocephalus were usually born with normal brain anatomy, but acquired a blockage due to a tumor, injury, bleed or infection. However, many cases of hydrocephalus in adults occur without a history of these preceding illnesses.
CT and MRI scans are sensitive tools in detecting hydrocephalus, particularly when it's striking enough not be confused with ventricular enlargement due to gradual loss of surrounding brain tissue from aging. The main treatment of hydrocephalus is for a surgeon to insert a tube (shunt) into one of the swollen lateral ventricles and provide an alternative pathway for the backed-up CSF to drain. Once the shunt equipment is in place, a piece of hardware about the size of a large button sits outside the hole made in the skull (but inside the skin of the scalp) and redirects the excess CSF through another tube into either a jugular vein in the neck or into the abdominal cavity (peritoneum). Thus, the patient can receive either a "VJ" shunt or a "VP" shunt, with the letters designating the locations of the two ends of the shunt.
The success or failure of shunting depends not just on the skill of the surgeon, but also on the selection of appropriate patients. Sometimes hydrocephalus turns up unexpectedly on scans when doctors are looking for something else entirely. Although an unexpected finding like this should always cause the doctors to re-think the case, the point is that hydrocephalus doesn't always cause problems. Sometimes the hydrocephalus has been there for years and the brain has adjusted to it in a way that produces no symptoms. This is an example of a case that should not be shunted, though it would still be appropriate to monitor the patient and his or her scans over subsequent months and years.
Who, then, should receive a shunt? The answer, in short, is people for whom the benefits of the operation exceed its risks. Identifying them, however, is the tough part. And the task is made even more difficult by the lack of randomized, controlled trials in which a group of patients receiving treatment is compared to an equivalent group of patients not receiving treatment. Although similar reasoning applies to adults thought to have internal (high-pressure) hydrocephalus, I'll lay out the decision-tree as it applies to external (normal-pressure) hydrocephalus. Published observations imply that shunts are most likely to help NPH patients who have the following features:substantial enlargement of all four ventricles a full "triad" of symptoms, including confusion, urinary incontinence and altered walking poor walking as the first of the three symptoms temporary improvement of symptoms after drainage of 50-60 milliliters (2 ounces) of CSF by lumbar puncture (spinal tap) The elderly patients most at risk for NPH are also at increased risk for other diseases, and the shunting operation doesn't help symptoms produced by other causes. For example, confusion can be caused by Alzheimer's disease and strokes. Urinary incontinence can be due to prostate disease in men and sagging pelvic tissue in women. Walking can be disrupted by arthritis, fractured bones, low vision, inner-ear disease, Parkinson's disease and many other unrelated processes.
So it's important for the doctor to determine if other diseases might be to blame for the very symptoms that seem, at first glance, to be from NPH. Assuming that NPH still seems likely, the next round of decision-making concerns the possibility that an operation will cause harm. Even a patient whose brain scan and symptoms are classic for NPH can develop serious complications from the operation. A particularly feared complication is bleeding into the space outside the brain, called a subdural hematoma. Older patients are also more likely to have other medical conditions that could compromise the safety of an operation, like coronary artery disease or emphysema.
Cases in which expected benefits of the operation are much greater than risks, or in which the risks are much greater than the expected benefits, are easy to make decisions about. But many other cases are in the gray zone in which potential benefits and risks are more evenly matched and the chances of doing harm with an operation come close to canceling out the chances of doing good.
(C) 2006 by Gary Cordingley
